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Natufian culture

Dating

Radiocarbon dating places this culture, just before the end of the Pleistocene, the period to 12,500 9500 BC.

The period is generally divided into two sub-periods: Early Natufian (12,50010,800 BC) and Late Natufian (10.8009500 BC). The Late Natufian probably occurred in tandem with the Younger Dryas (10,800 to 9500 BC). In the Levant, there are over a hundred types of cereals, fruits, nuts and other edible parts of plants, and flora of the Levant during the Natufian was not the dry landscape, barren and difficult these days, but the parks and woods.

Precursors and cropping

The Natufian developed in the same region as early Kebaran complex and is generally regarded as a successor who has developed from at least some elements within the previous crop. There were also other cultures in the region, such as culture Mushabian the Negev and Sinai, which are sometimes distinguished from Kebaran, and sometimes also considered that played a role in the development of the Natufian.

More generally, there was discussion on the similarities of these cultures with those found in Mediterranean Africa. Graeme Barker noted "similarities in the respective cases of Archaeology Culture and the Levant Natufian hunter-gatherer contemporaries in the coastal region of North Africa across the border late Pleistocene and Holocene. "

Ofer Bar-Yosef argued that there are signs of influences from Africa to the Levant, citing technical and shapes such as arched microburins icrolithic slats The back and Mouillah points.5] There was also evidence that parthenocarpic figs, were brought by humans from the direction of Sudan in this period.

Authors such as Christopher Ehret built on the evidence has little to develop scenarios of intensive use of plants first build in Africa, and was a precursor to the development of true agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, but such suggestions are considered speculative to over African archaeological evidence can be collected.

Institutions

Transactions occur in the belt where woody species of oak and Pistacia dominated. The undergrowth of this forest was open grass with high frequencies of cereals. The high mountains of Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon, the steppe areas of the Negev Desert in Israel and the Sinai, and the Syro-Arabian desert the much less favorable for the settlement Natufian, likely due to both their lower carrying capacity and the company of other groups of hunter-gatherers who exploited the region.

The houses of the Natufian are semi-subterranean, often with a dry stone foundation. The superstructure was probably was made of brush. No trace of mud brick were found, which became common in the pre-Pottery Neolithic A, abbreviated PPN A. The round houses have a diameter between 3 and 6 meters, they contain a central round or subrectangular a home. In the footsteps of Ain Mallaha postholes were identified. "Villages" can cover over 1,000 square meters. Small colonies have been interpreted by some researchers as the camps. Traces reconstruction in almost all excavated settlements seem to point to a frequent relocation, indicating a temporary abandonment of the colony. The colonies were estimated home of 100,150, but there are three categories: small, median, and large, ranging from 15 square meters to 1,000 square meters of people. There no indication of permanent storage facilities.

Sedentary

A semi-sedentary life may have been made possible by resources abundant due to a favorable climate at the time, with a living culture of hunting, fishing and gathering, including the use of cereals wild. Tools were available to make use of cereals: flint sickle blades for harvesting, and mortars, grinding stones, and storage pits.

Lithic

The Natufian had a microlithic industry, based on short waves and strips. The microburins-technique was used. Microliths include geometric segments of circles, triangles and trapezoids. Some argued that many blades. A special type of retouch (Helwan retouch) is characteristic the Natufian. Natufian in the end, Harif-point, typically an arrow made from a regular blade, became common in the Negev. Some researchers use to define a distinct culture, the Harifian.

Sickle blades appear for the first time. The characteristic of sickle gloss shows that they were used to cut the stems of cereals rich in silica and form an indirect evidence of incipient agriculture. Rectifiers tree stone on the ground indicate the practice of archery. There is heavy ground stone bowl mortars as well.

Other discoveries

There was a rich bone industry, including harpoons and hooks. Stone and bone was worked into pendants and other ornaments. There are a few figures Human limestone (El-Wad, Ain Mallah, Ain Sakhri), but the favorite subject of representative art seems to have been the animals. Ostrich-shell containers were found in the Negev.

Living

Natufian people lived by hunting and gathering. The preservation of plant remains is poor because of soil conditions, but wild cereals, legumes, almonds, pistachios and acorns can be collected. Animal bones show the gazelle (Gazella gazella and Gazella subgutturosa) were the main prey. In addition to deer, aurochs and wild boar were hunted in the steppe zone, and that wild asses and caprids (Ibex). Water birds and freshwater fish is part of the diet in the Jordan River Valley. The bones of animals Salibiya I (12 300 10 800 BP) have been interpreted as evidence for communal hunts with nets.

Agricultural Development

According to a theory, it was a sudden change in climate, the Younger Dryas event (ca. 10800-9500 BC), which inspired the development of agriculture. The Younger Dryas was a break in 1000 through the year in the higher temperatures prevailing since the last ice age, which produced a sudden drought in the Levant. That would have endangered the wild cereals, which could no longer compete with dryland scrub, but on which the population had become dependent to sustain a relatively large sedentary. By artificially clearing and planting seeds from a other, they began to practice agriculture. However, this theory of the origin of agriculture is controversial in the community science.

Domesticated dog

It Natufian sites as the first archaeological evidence of domestication of the dog is found. The Natufian site of Ein Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BP, the remains of an elderly man and a dog four to five months were found buried together. Another site in the Natufian Hayonim cave, humans have been found buried with two canines.

Art

The Ain Sakhri love, an object carved stone place at the British Museum, is the oldest known representation of a couple making love. It was found in the cave of Ain Sakhri in the Judean desert. It was included in the BBC series A History of the World 100 images Objects.View

Burials

Graves are located in colonies, often in pits in abandoned houses, but also in the caves of Mount Caramel and the Judean Hills. The pits were backfilled with settlement refuse, which sometimes makes the identification of the graves of goods difficult. Sometimes the graves were covered slabs of limestone. The bodies are lying on their backs or flexed, there is no predominant orientation. There are two single and multiple burials, especially in the Natufian, and scattered human remains in the colonies that point to problems with earlier tombs. The infant mortality rate was rather highbout third of the dead were aged between five and seven years.

Skull removal was performed in Hayonim cave, Nahal Oren and Ain Mallaha. Sometimes the skulls were decorated with shell beads (El-Wad).

Grave goods consist mainly of personal ornaments such as beads made of shells, teeth (red deer), bones and stone. There are necklaces, bracelets, necklaces, earrings and belt-ornaments well.

In 2008, the tomb of "a priestess Natufian was discovered (in most media reports seen as a shaman or witch doctor). The burial contained 50 shells full of turtles, which are thought to have been brought to the site and eaten for the funeral meal.

Long-distance trade

A Mallaha Ain (Israel), Anatolia obsidian and shellfish from the Nile Valley have been found. The source of malachite beads is still unknown.

Archaeogenetics

An analysis of a sample of human remains from Natufian sites, the locals seem to have influenced sub-Saharan Africa. Ricaut et al. associate these influences sub-Saharan Africa to the dispersion of haplogroup Lines E1b1b Africa. The Natufian material culture also leaves open the possibility of some African influences.

Sites

Natufian sites include:

Syria: Tell Abu Hureyra Mureybat, Yabrud III

Israel Mallaha Ain (Eynan), El-Wad, Ein Gev, Hayonim, Nahal Oren, I Salibiya

West Bank: Jericho, Shuqba

Jordan: Beidha

Lebanon: Jiita III, Borj el-Barajn, Saaid, Aamiq II

See also

Table overview of the major prehistoric cultures of the old world

References

^ Kottak, Conrad P. (2005). Window on Humanity: a concise introduction to anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill. pp 155156. ISBN 0072890282.

^ Munro, Natalie D. (2003). "Small game, the Younger Dryas, and the transition to agriculture in the Southern Levant "Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft fr Urgeschichte 12:. http://www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/munro/assets/Mitteilungen.pdf 4771 ..

^ Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1998), "The Natufian culture in the Levant, Threshold to the origins of agriculture," Evolutionary Anthropology 6 (5): 159 177, doi: 10.1002 / (SICI) 1520-6505 (1998) 6:05 <159:: AID-EVAN4> 3.0.CO; 2-7, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007 / baryo.pdf

^ Barker G (2002) Transitions to agriculture and pastoralism in North Africa, in Bellwood P, Renfrew C (2002), Review of the dispersion hypothesis Agriculture / Language, pp 151161.

^ O Bar-Yosef (1987) Pleistocene connections between Africa and Southwest Asia: an archaeological perspective. The African Journal archaeological Chapter 5, p. 29-38

^ Kislev ME, Hartmann, Bar-Yosef O (2006) Early domesticated figure in the Jordan Valley. Nature 312:13721374.

^ Ehret (2002) Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia

^ Bellwood P (2005) Blackwell, Oxford. Page 97

^ Ofer Bar-Yosef, Culture and Natufian, Neolithic: the social and economic trends in southwestern Asia, Chapter 10 in Peter Bellwood and Colin Renfrew (ed.), A review of the dispersal hypothesis Agriculture / Language (2002), p.114.

^ Ab "Grave Found old Shaman." National Geographic 04-Nov-2008

^ Balter, Michael (2010). "Archaeology: the tangled roots of Agriculture." Science 327: 404406. 10.1126/science.327.5964.404. http://scienceonline.org/cgi/content/summary/sci; 327/5964/404. Accessed February 4, 2010.

Ab ^ Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1995). "The origins of the dog: domestication and early history." In Serpell, James. The domestic dog: its evolution, behavior and interactions with people. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521415292.

^ BBC. A World History. Ain Sakhri Lovers

^ "Archaeologists discover 12,000 years-old tomb of sorcerer. "Daily Mail 04-Nov-2008

^ "In Hebrew U. skeleton dug up 12,000 years priestess Natufian 'Small'. " By Bradley Burston. Haaretz, 05-Nov-2008

^ Brace et al. (2005). The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to form craniofacial Europe. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0509801102. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/1/242.full.

^ Ricaut et al. (2008), "Cranial small print in a population movements Byzantine and Eastern Mediterranean population ", Human Biology 80 (5) :535-564, doi:. 10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535, http://www.bioone.org/doi / abs/10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535

^ Lancaster, Andrew (2009). "Y Haplogroups, archaeological cultures and language families: a multidisciplinary review of the comparison using the case of E-M35. "Journal of genetic genealogy 5 (1). http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf.

For more information

Balter, Michael (2005), The Goddess and the Bull, New York: Free Press, ISBN 0-7432-4360-9

Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1998), "The Natufian culture in the Levant, Threshold to the origins of agriculture," Evolutionary Anthropology 6 (5): 159 177, doi: 10.1002 / (SICI) 1520-6505 (1998) 6:05 <159:: AID-EVAN4> 3.0.CO; 2-7, http://www.columbia.edu / itc/anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf

Bar-Yosef, Ofer, Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1999), "Coding of information: unique items from Natufian Hayonim Cave, Western Galilee, Israel", Antiquity 73: 402409

Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1992), Valla, François R., ed, The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Ann Arbor. Prehistory monographs International, ISBN 1879621037

Campana, Douglas V., Crabtree, Pam J. (1990), "Communal Hunting in the Natufian of the Levant South: Social and Economic Implications," Journal of Archaeology Mediterranean 3 (2): 223243

Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1999), a natural history of domesticated mammals (2nd ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-63247-1

Dubreuil, Laure (2004), "Long-term trends in Natufian, subsistence: an analysis of the use-wear tools stone ground, "Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (11): 16131629, doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2004.04.003

Munro, Natalie D. (August-October 2004), "the measures Zooarchaeological hunting pressure and intensity of occupation in the Natufian: Implications for agricultural origins, "Current Anthropology 45: S5, doi: 10.1086/422084, http://www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/munro/assets/Munro2004.pdf S6-S33.

Simmons, Alan H. (2007), The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape, University of Arizona Press, ISBN 978-0-8165-6

External Links

Wikimedia Commons has media related: Natufian

Epi-Paleolithic (Mesolithic European) Natufian culture of Israel (The Story of the Ancient Near East)

Cultural Complexity (hierarchical societies [socio-economic and political inequalities), Mesopotamia: an overview] http://unix.temple.edu/ ~ Phansell/65online/lect8.htm

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